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At dawn on an August day, forty-six years ago – 1976 – the French film director Claude Lelouch (author of “A Man and a Woman”) grappled with one of the craziest, most controversial and extraordinary attempts at motoring cinema. Original title: “C’était un rendez-vous”. This is the story of a man running from his woman. Pictures © Les Films 13 Archive A modern story, one of wild and reckless romanticism. A subjective sequence shot, eight-and-a-half minutes’ long, covering ten kilometres through the streets of Paris, in a car at ultra-high speed: "The film was made without any tricks and is not speeded up," reads the initial warning. Without any stops, not even at a red traffic light, up to the steps leading to the “Sacré-Cœur”. A beautiful blonde girl appears, the only face seen in the whole film. The man gets out of the car, enters the frame and a still image freezes their embrace. The girl is Gunilla Friden, ex Miss Sweden and semi-finalist in the 1968 Miss World competition, at that time French director Claude Lelouch’s fiancée. The instructions were clear: “Wait at the bottom, and run up the steps as soon as you hear the sound of a car,” Lelouch told her, with no further explanation. The only accomplice in this crazy adventure was Élie Chouraqui, the director’s assistant, who stood at a crossroads where there was not enough visibility. Using a walkie talkie, he was supposed to inform the driver if there were any pedestrians or other obstacles. But, as Lelouch himself later declared, the radio transmitters were faulty and there was no way of communicating during the shoot. “C’était un rendez-vous” (“It Was a Date”) was shot with a single camera mounted on the front bumper of a Mercedes “450SEL” 6.9 to obtain the subjective frame. The car, the director’s own, was considered suitable for the job because of its smooth chassis and the automatic transmission, which guaranteed the necessary stability and progressivity during the shoot. A second lap with Lelouch’s Ferrari “275 GTB” was needed to record a more alluring sound, which was superimposed over the original during post-production. Doing the maths, it is estimated that it took just over eight minutes to cover the 10.6 kilometres, travelling at an average speed of 80 kilometres an hour. But beware: this is an average, because legend has it - and the film confirms - that in some stretches the driver reached speeds of up to 140 kilometres an hour. Out of respect for the traffic rules, the contents compromised the dissemination of the film. It was screened only a few times, unexpectedly, during the interval in other films: anyone who had seen it had something to boast about. Very poor-quality pirate videos cost more than 50 dollars, if you were lucky enough to find one. And then came the Youtube era, and in 2003 attempts were made to get hold of the original film and make a DVD. Years later a remastered Blu-Ray limited edition was released. Today, both have become a real collector’s pieces, very hard to find and very expensive. For years, rumour had it that Lelouch had hired a Formula 1 driver for his escapade. “I was at the wheel; it was my film, and I took on all the risks and responsibilities,” the director later confessed, without every really convincing the film’s fans. “After the film was shown for the first time, I was summoned the police chief in person. He read me an endless list of violations, gave me a hard stare and asked for my documents. He had promised his superiors that he would take my licence away, but didn’t actually say for how long. In fact, he looked at it for a moment and then handed it back to me, with a huge smile on his face. Dismissing me, he told me that his children loved my film”. Forty-four years later, in 2020, the year of the pandemic, Lelouch attempted what has been defined as the “remake” of his famous short film. Title: “Le Grand Rendez-Vous” (see the video here). This time the starring role was played by the Ferrari driver Charles Leclerc, at the wheel of an SF90 Stradale on the streets of the Principality of Monaco, with Price Albert II in the passenger seat. Waiting for them, playing a florist, is Rebecca Blanc-Lelouch, Claude and Gunilla Friden’s granddaughter, just to underline the shrewd connection to the 1976 “Rendez-Vous”. The 2020 edition was filmed during the time the Monaco Grand Prix was due to be held, involving a crew of seventeen people equipped with six iPhones, nine GoPros and a camera. To support the Ferrari SF90 (two of them were used), a team of six mechanics and engineers came over from Maranello. These numbers, and a story that cannot be described exactly as brilliant, are enough to understand that this was a completely different matter. A six-minute “short” that was unable to thrill the fans like the 1976 original did. It was a commercial operation, but above all an “official” one: and today, this is what makes Lelouch’s first crazy and “illegal” race an even more legendary and unrepeatable exploit.

In the year celebrating the 50th anniversary of the legendary Countach, I would like to send the traditional Happy New Year wishes to the readers of “Insights” and to all the “Speedholics”, with two documents that talk about the car and which in some way offer an analogy with our present... Courtesy of Luigi Marmiroli Archive The first document is a vintage greetings card printed by Automobili Lamborghini many years ago. As you can see, the wording is: “A good start to the new year”. This is perfectly suited to our times, wishing a quick start out of this unfortunate pandemic period. The second document, again relating to the Countach, seems to describe the current situation even better. It is an old Pirelli advert, filmed in the old city of Matera. A sudden, unknown disaster stops the Earth rotating around its axis. Panic spreads among all the inhabitants of the planet. But a lady, dressed in white, climbs into a splendid red Countach and drives it into a cave, placing the rear wheels on an uncovered portion of the globe. The power of the Lamborghini engine, and the perfect adherence of the Pirelli tyres, are able to set the Earth rotating again, and save the world. If we replace the planet at a standstill with that caused by Covid-19 and the Countach effect with the vaccine, the analogy is clear. So best wishes for a quick restart…

A rather incredible story that began in 1988 following a special request from Prince Jefri, the brother of the Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah, a fervent car collector, to whom it would have been impossible to say no: a top-secret mission to build an exclusive supercar, based on the chassis of the Ferrari Testarossa but with a completely unique design. Enrico Fumia, the designer behind the lines and the concept, told SpeedHolics how Pininfarina built six cars, unbeknown to Maranello. Photos courtesy of Enrico Fumia Archive There is a very tiny space in the car world in which cars are half-way between dream and reality. This is mostly a place in the mind, but sometimes, if we are curious and lucky enough, we may have a chance to pass by this space and take a look. In this small, unspoiled part of the car world, where the fresh winds that blow are so wondrously far from the rules and conventions governing common sense, we may find the human imagination acting alone, in a revolution that seeks to combine innovation and creativity. “Innovation not just renovation” is the mantra that has always marked Enrico Fumia's way of designing and understanding life. From Turin, a degree in aeronautical engineering and a long-standing career as manager and designer, a free thinker and free spirit, after a very long career in Pininfarina and Lancia - where he shaped some of the very successful models including the Alfa Romeo 164 (1987), Spider and GTV (1994), Lancia Y (1995) - he went freelance, firstly at Master Design Intl., then Fumia Design Associati and Fumia Design Studio (designing cars and more for Japan and China), at the age of 73, Fumia continues to feed off dreams and fantasy. He does not fear contradiction, indeed he believes it to be a blessing: “To the Contrary Mary in me”, recites the dedication on the cover of a copy, by mistake bound on the wrong side, of “AUTOritratto”, the autobiography published by Fucina Editore in which, using brushstrokes that are at times unexpected and often fierce, with no fear of going beyond the canvas, he tells of a life of ideas and projects “outside the box”. We met him to talk about one of his most important (and yet least famous) projects, in his cosy house in the Piedmont hills of San Matteo, a stone’s throw from Bra, the city of sausages, cheese and good wine. The story of the Ferrari F90, closer to an adventure novel than the tale of a supercar, began over a delicious ‘moka’ coffee prepared by his wife Kazuko, who is 100% Japanese but, next to Enrico, has learned all the lightest and brightest arts of Italian living. Let’s start from the beginning. How was the Ferrari F90 born? From a specific request of Prince Jefri, the brother of the Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah, a fervent collector of cars, all the better if tailor-made. Having commissioned twelve Testarossa-turned spiders from Pininfarina, in 1988, through the then-Ferrari importer in Singapore, he asked us to build an exclusive, top-secret supercar, based on the Testarossa chassis but with a completely unique design. What do you mean by top secret? The importer explained to us that, if we accepted, nobody was to know about it, especially not Ferrari. There and then, this was quite a shock, as Pininfarina would have had to hide the project from Maranello and the manufacturers they were closely tied to. But in the end, you agreed. In economic terms it was very enticing. We couldn’t say no, both for the amount and the advance payment for the first and then the following cars; because the idea was that if he liked the first F90, he would have ordered others. And in fact, the order went from one to six. Which made the prince our top customer in terms of turnover, it was more profitable than any other manufacturer we worked with. That’s why we couldn’t say no. And at that point, how did you decide to proceed? We had almost finished the Mythos, which was still called the P7 in Pininfarina code, chosen as the show car for the Tokyo salon in 1989 and so not unique, but Prince Jefri demanded that the car had to be made starting from scratch. But faced with this specific request, there was someone - not me - who preferred to offer the prince some of the designs that had been rejected before the Mythos was chosen. And among the many sketches was yours. Did you run a kind of in-house contest to decide the winner? No, as usual in these circumstances we sent the pack of drawings (the ones recycled from the Mythos project) with a range of proposals to the prince. And according to his own taste, he chose mine. He then confirmed this decision after seeing a 1:5 scale model first-hand. At that time, you were deputy general director at Pininfarina. How did you find the time to sit down and draw? At work I had very little time to sit down and put the ideas running through my mind onto paper. So I drew in my spare time: even - though not mostly - at home, but only when I was inspired or particularly interested in the project. And in this I realise that I was very lucky. Then, I must say that at work, anyone who could hold a pencil, even the gatekeeper (no offence!) could draw something and present it to the style department. Everything was hung on the wall, and nothing was ever rejected a priori. And now, the name: why the F90? Easy: it was an acronym of Ferrari for the 90s, which were almost there. So, something imagined as the forefather of a new generation of “Cavallino” cars for the coming decade. And talking of inspiration: is there a creative link between the past and future of the Prancing Horse in the forms of the F90, which was extremely pioneering compared to the Ferraris of the time? Looking at the models that came before, I would say yes. For those that came after, absolutely not; if not for one detail: the headlights. But only for some. Having to design a Ferrari-Pininfarina, I knew that I would have to respect two great traditions. This is why I built that which, in the style studies of a brand, I call Recognisability or Identity Cycle; this is a method I used, consisting of three steps: 1) reinterpretation of the Brand’s stylistic past; 2) selection of the consolidated stylistic features, even the forgotten ones; 3) historization, in other words the updating of the most significant stylistic features and the introduction of new ones, in line with the brand’s tradition. While the first two are academic, the third is based on the subjectivity of the designer: a play on words to say that the designer must be able to justify the new style codes introduced as ideally part of the Brand’s tradition. This is far from taken for granted. And this is why today, new stylistic features are as rare as great designers. It’s all dominated by stylistic imitations, bordering on caricatures, legends of the past, something I would define as examples of a creative void. I say this specially to spur on the new generation, forcing them to squeeze their brains and attempt new solutions, which can in turn become icons. And you had already experimented this method? I had applied it to the Alfa 164, Spider and GTV, but without stating it, because at that time - in contrast to today - taking inspiration from the past sounded like you didn’t have any new ideas. But seeing the objectively good results, I continued to use it, with some great satisfaction. Going back to the F90, which style detail most inspired you looking back over the Ferrari tradition? The one element that I updated so much as to make it a new stylistic feature of the Ferrari tradition is what I call the “pointed ellipse”. It is the reinterpretation of the elliptic front grille on the Superfast II, 365 and 330 in the 1960s, inspired by the “mouths” of the F1 cars of the time, including Ferrari. But I challenge anyone to notice at first glance without this explanation. Which means that the pointed ellipse grille became a modern innovation. We shouldn’t forget that the drawing of the F90 dates back to September 1988, so today is more than thirty years old. And as mentioned, in that drawing even the headlights were really innovative for the time, in both shape and technology. Looking only at the narrow and elongated shape, they are the update of those that we usually hidden beneath glass in the 1960s GT Ferraris. Then, moving on to the mid-2000s, those on the Enzo, 612 Scaglietti and F430 aren’t that much different. The pointed ellipse motif is repeated on four sides: the two sides, the front and the rear. Something very similar can be seen on one of your greatest successes, the Lancia Y. How did the idea of that symmetry come about? The idea of repeating the same graphic motif on four sides of the bodywork, that I defined “quadrifrontal”, has always been used in architecture, especially in symbolic monuments: from the Egyptian pyramids to eastern pagodas, from the Eiffel Tower to the Mole Antonelliana. But not on four sides of a car. If anything on two: similar front and rear, like the Panhard PL15-17, Renault Dauphine, Simca 1000, Chevrolet Corvair, and even the first Audi TT. Four equal sides have the considerable advantage of ensuring instant recognisability of an object from any angle, which I think is very useful. This is where the idea of repeating the pointed ellipse of the grille also on the rear and the two sides came from. Not in the same proportions, but adapted to each function. A style that is not an end in itself, but is always functional. The grille is not fake like on the Testarossa, here it really carries air to the front radiator, built ex-novo to replace the two side ones on the Testarossa, on which the F90 is based. The elliptical casing on the side, on the other hand, includes other air intakes and the door handle; while at the rear, half contains the lights and the rest is the air grille, to dissipate the residual heat from the engine. As for the comparison with the Y, only I knew, and had the professional honesty, to remark in my book on the analogy of the quadrifrontal of the first style model of the Y with a “Stop & Go!”. Otherwise, nobody would have ever noticed it, as the F90, unknown at the time, is recognisable to most people even today. With this, we can't say that the Lancia Y looks like a little Ferrari, nor the F90 like a hyper-Lancia. I swear that if the F90 ever appeared in public, almost certainly I would not have transferred it onto the Y. So, it’s fate was sealed. And I would add that if they had both been on the market, well... Giugiaro’s first Lancia Delta is pretty much the transposition of his Audi concept-car Asso di Picche. And nobody cried foul, far from it. The twelve Testarossa Spiders for Prince Jefri were tested directly by Ferrari, while the F90 had to keep its distance from Maranello. How were the tests organised? We tested mostly at night, without the Prancing Horse emblem and with the bodywork completely camouflaged to make it unrecognisable. I took part in the tests sometimes, and, as the car was a right-hand drive, when I drove someone else had to sit in the passenger seat to pay the tolls at the motorway exits. For instance, I remember the engineer Renzo Trivero, who unfortunately died prematurely. Not only was he a 100% engineer, he was also an excellent driver. After my traumatic departure from Pininfarina in late ‘92, he was the one who developed the last three units of the six built and still in Brunei today, who knows in what condition. But at one point, the secret got out. Yes, it was all the fault of the web! One day in 2002, in one of the very first car scoops appearing on the web, a photo was published showing a red F90 in one of the garages where the prince kept part of his collection of - so they say - over 7,000 cars. How did Ferrari react? In total silence for quite a while. Then, in 2005, Roberto Bonetto, the then-deputy editor of the historical Italian magazine Quattroruote, phoned me to find out the true story of the F90 and ask if he could put a photo of the car in the Extravaganza section of the Ferrari annual. In fact, Quattroruotine, a model-building magazine which no longer exists today, had already published the pictures of a 1:43 scale model that ABC Brianza had made 300 of, simply called the F90 Sultan. Which meant that neither the name Ferrari nor any Prancing Horse symbols appeared. This time the situation was much more delicate, so I told Bonetto that I would like to talk it through with Maranello. And that’s what I did, I went to see Antonio Ghini, the then-communications manager at Ferrari. Did you tell him everything? From start to finish. I told him about the photos that had appeared on the web, about the Sultan and all the rest. And how did he react? Better that we could ever have expected, in fact, after consenting to the publication of the photos in the 2005 annual, which the clients would have received in 2006, Ferrari officially recognised the F90 as an authentic Ferrari, without ever having seen or touched it. And of course, as the father of the design, I was over the moon. And today, what do we know of the F90s? I often wonder that too. As far as I know they're all still in Brunei, even though we have no idea in what condition. I’m still in contact with the prince’s intermediary, and I asked him why, at one point, the relations with Pininfarina stopped. From what I understood, his brothers, tired of his whims, wouldn’t put up with his crazy car spending anymore. The prince must be quite an extravagant one. I don’t know, nobody ever had any direct contact with him. I for one owe him a lot, because he was the only real patron I came across in my life. I consider him much more than a sponsor, as he trusted me and the Pininfarina style and its skilled workers, without ever interfering or demanding anything, despite paying handsomely for the objects of his desires. Did you never think to send him a letter? No, but I will do soon, with a copy of my book. But I’m superstitious, and would rather not talk of that right now. What I can say is that I will thank him for choosing the F90 and that I still have two dreams to make come true… if he wants, and if he can, I hope. OK we can respect your superstitions, but do tell us something more… I don’t know what I would give today to see at least one of the six F90s again and be able to show it off in public at last. Even for just one day. Then, I would tell him about the concept F1o2, a supercar with a rotating mechanism that can create a single-seater or two-seater layout, that I began to work on in October 2000, when Schumacher was about to win his first Formula 1 world championship with the Ferrari after more than 20 years, as a homage to Ferrari’s new-found supremacy. I proposed it to Maranello, talking to Amedeo Felisa, ex-General Director and in more recent times the CEO of Ferrari, for 5 years. Although he was very interested - they even successfully tested the mechanism in the passenger compartment of the Enzo -, in the end nothing came of it. We can see from Fumia’s face how disappointed he still is about this missed opportunity. “I still have that healthy professional arrogance to consider the F1o2 an authentic piece of Made in Italy,” he says as he takes a white-painted 1:10 scale model from a cupboard in his office. He opens the doors, slides out the steering wheel and shows us the mechanism that, in just a few simple steps, turns the car into a single-seater or a two-seater. Not a three-seater. Who knows what Prince Jefri would think of it. “Good question,” Fumia replies. If he likes it, he knows where to find me. But first I have to pull my finger out and send him that letter…”.

After the extraordinary adventure with the Lancia Delta Integrale, the engineer from Turin - and father of the 037 - found himself catapulted into a completely new sporting world. In the early ‘90s, the Delta was biding its time until retirement, and the company management decided to wager everything on the new Alfa Romeo 155. A car that wouldn’t have to cope with snow, ice and mud, but with the tarmac of major European circuits. Thirty years on, exclusively for Speedholics, Limone takes a trip behind the scenes of that unknown yet thrilling and gratifying challenge. Photos courtesy of Sergio Limone Archive - Alessandro Barteletti Archive Anyone au fait with motorsports history, whose favourite ‘poster car’ was the Lancia Delta Integrale, will have no trouble identifying the period of Sergio Limone’s career that best tells the story of the man and the professional. Seventy-three years carried lightly, the physique of a ballplayer and eyes that run as fast as the bolides he designed in over thirty years working for Abarth, he is one of the “heroes” who in the 1980s and early ‘90s helped Lancia to dominate the rally circuits. Today he still has the same curiosity as he had when, just thirteen, he dreamed of a future in racing cars. “But not as a driver. I never had that kind of ambition, it didn’t interest me,” he tells. “What attracted me, if anything, was to be able to learn the technique, how to design cars.” More “Torinese” than gianduia cream, Limone has always preferred rallies to track racing. And he has never tried to hide this. It’s a matter of curriculum, he would say today, as this is the field that offered him his greatest professional satisfactions (seven Manufacturer’s titles and six Driver’s titles with Lancia). But, as he explains, it’s also a matter of feeling: “I was lucky to work in years in which the regulations offered ample freedom of action. Creativity paid off. In those days, rallies meant unpredictability and improvisation. Today the great variable is the race conditions, but the rules are much stricter than in the past and don't allow designers to let their imagination run wild.” And after an introduction like this, we are almost embarrassed to ask about the races on the track. “I may exaggerate slightly if I said that I always found them boring, but I must admit that it was quite a trauma for me when, in December 1991, I found out that the Delta and the rallies were to be abandoned, focusing instead on the touring car races with Alfa Romeo. But why? According to the Fiat Group management of the time, Alfa Romeo had more global commercial potential than Lancia. In fact, we had won six world rally championships, and seeking a seventh title with a car that, by then, was at the end of its career didn’t make much sense. Alfa, on the other hand, had just presented the 155: racing it, and winning, would have meant raising its status to that of a true Alfa Romeo, boosting sales.” A bit like the GTAs of the ‘60s and ‘70s, even though, in contrast to its predecessors, the 155 wasn’t a racing thoroughbred. Among the brand’s purists, some even considered it to be on a par with the Fiat Tempra, which was anything but a sports car. “That’s true, but if you look at things that way, the Lancia Delta wasn't born as a sports car either. The 155 was based on the Fiat Tipo 2 front-wheel drive chassis, but the Turbo Q4, the first version we worked on, had inherited all the four-wheel drive mechanics of the Delta Integrale, with the exception of the rear suspensions which, although IWD, didn’t match the classic McPherson layout. So, the racing 155 shared much of its DNA with a car that had won everything there was to win.” So, you took the standard Q4 and turned it into a racing GTA. What changed in the passage from road to track? “We didn't have much time to develop a car to race in the Italian Superturismo Championship in 1992, at the same time getting ready for a huge challenge for a team that was quite small and with limited resources: the 1993 German DTM. The design was managed in Turin, with a direct line to Alfa Corse in Settimo Milanese. We made all the changes needed for competition use on the track, and immediately noted a clear advantage compared to the Delta: born over a decade later, the 155 had benefited from more detailed aerodynamic studies, so it cut the air better and it was easier to make it fast. The greatest difference between the road and the competition versions was the rear suspension, which was very similar to that of the Delta.” In Italy, 17 wins in 20 races: an undisputed domination that rang a warning bell for the German cars battling in the DTM. “The Germans certainly pricked up their ears, even though they were quite confident that they would have an easy ride. I remember one very funny anecdote that, more than any other, describes that ironic and rather mocking climate that welcomed us in Germany: on the first race in Zolder, the Mercedes team made us a large cake decorated with a snake biting their symbol, the three-point star. We had completed 4,000 kilometres of test runs and our car was far more modern than the 190E, but there was no certainty of winning on the début race, especially with two test cars. But it was a great surprise, just like the final championship title won, a race early, by Nicola Larini, who set the record of ten wins out of twenty races In the racing world, you are famous for your special skill in interpreting the most hidden loopholes in the regulations. Class 1 Touring regulations, which limited engines to a maximum of six cylinders and 2.5 litres capacity, was an absolute novelty for the DTM. What were the greatest difficulties in developing this car? “We were free to revolutionise the car, and that’s what we did, in fact the only thing that remained the same as the standard model was the angle between the cylinder banks of the V6 engine, derived from the Alfa 6 2.5. One thing I remember like it was yesterday was the huge stir caused by the upturned tailpipes. As our car was faster than the others, the German newspapers construed that strange invention with a big dose of imagination, even suggesting that it hid some kind of aerodynamic advantage. But the truth was far simpler: out of desperation, the only way I could find to make the 155 pass the sound test was to turn the exhaust upwards, to reduce the reverberation and remain within the noise limits set in the regulation. In 1994 we made some other changes, lowering the car and making it faster, but we had some problems in the team management. We won a lot of races, but always with different drivers. And so we didn’t win the title again.” And the year after that? “That was even tougher. The regulation gave more freedoms, and we were unprepared. We were late in developing the car, and arrived short of breath, while for the new Mercedes C-Class they had come up with suspension arms similar to those used in the Formula 1 cars…”. The Mercedes traditionally had rear-wheel drive, while the Alfa Romeo cars had four-wheel drive. Which one had the advantage? “The C-Class weighed around forty kilos less than the 155, and to compensate the drive gap due to having only two-wheel drive, it had an actuator that hurled a 50 kg mass forwards during acceleration. The four-wheel drive was very helpful on the wet, but also made a difference on a dry track, as dividing the power over two axles meant less stress on the tyres, so softer mixes could be used to increase the grip on the tarmac.” The 155 V6 TI was made famous by winning the German DTM against giants of the calibre of Mercedes, BMW and Opel. But much less is said about the 155 TS D2, with its 2-litre, 4-cylinder Twin Spark engine. “Yes, and it’s a shame, because in 1993 it almost won the Italian Superturismo Championship, and the year after that it won the BTCC in the UK. Maybe today its technology makes it quite low-profile because objectively it was inferior to that of the V6, which, beneath a silhouette reminiscent of the standard models, hid numerous developments, including loads of electronics and a super-advanced chassis. Once again, it was all a matter of regulations: although there was a certain amount of freedom for the engine, choosing the components from all the brand’s models, the Class D2 rules meant that the drivetrain had to be that of the standard model, which was front-wheel drive.” A handicap compared to the BMW M3? “At the end of the day no, although, even if they were a bit heavier, the rear-wheel drive M3s were faster in tight bends. But we had a great engine, with the crankcase of the Fiat Croma Turbo and the head of the Lancia Delta Integrale. And we were also better on fast bends, even though at the start the nose of the car had a rather worrying tendency to rise. I had to think hard and come up with a front air intake that could increase the downforce of the front end, and in the end I found a way of keeping it flat on the ground.” And so we come to 1997: from then on, the DTM admitted only rear-wheel drive cars. And in the meantime, the Alfa Romeo 155 made way for the 156. “In fact, I still have a model with the Alfa Romeo 156 body and rear-wheel drive. But nothing came of it. The escalating costs of the championship were far greater than the benefits in terms of image, and we decided not to participate. These were the first warning signs of what the epilogue was to be: our official participation in touring races, and indeed Alfa’s racing history, came to an end due to the lack of interest of the public, and consequently the manufacturers, in this kind of race. It was a shame, because they were thrilling, macho, with real contacts and knocks. But before throwing in the towel, we still had another ace up our sleeve.” Indeed, the 156's appointment with the track had only been postponed. That gap year was used to prepare another season of wins. “Meanwhile, the sports management had been transferred to the Nordauto dealer in Cremona. At first, we worked on a Superturismo version with a 2-litre engine, winning the début race at the 1998 Italian Superturismo Championship with Fabrizio Giovanardi. And the development continued in 2002 with the Super2000. This was a far simpler car than the previous D2, because the engine and the gearbox had to be those of the standard model. In the BTCC, we took BMW by surprise for two years in a row, winning in 2003 too. But then, for the reasons already explained, that was the end of that.” In technical terms, what was the greatest step forward compared to the 155? “We were able to make the car easier to handle, easier to drive, because when we were finally able to do so, we moved the engine to a better position. We set it as far back as possible, between the front axle and the bulkhead, reducing the inertia deriving from an overhang powertrain on the front end. It was nothing outstanding, in fact: the powerful Volvo 850 station wagons racing in the BTCC, that were great to drive, were already built like that.” So, to win, you decided to study the competition. “Yes, that’s the way it should be. As I always say, you never have a monopoly on good ideas.”

When I heard that the Clay Regazzoni Memorial Room was being moved from Lugano to Romanshorn, my mind automatically opened the drawer of memories of my relations with him. And so, I decided to see what was inside, and tell the Speedholics fans and readers all about him. Photos courtesy of Luigi Marmiroli Archive I don’t think I can add much to the streams of words, and the many books and websites about the man, but it was a great pleasure to look back over the time I spent with Clay Regazzoni. The autumn of 1970 was one of the best periods in my – private and professional – life, and Clay, who I hadn’t met yet, was – unbeknown to him – one of the main reasons for this. In late August I was on my honeymoon in Apulia, visiting the beaches and the splendid Romanic architecture. Just a month earlier, I had been hired directly by the ‘Commendatore Ferrari’ to follow the racing drivers around the circuits all over the world. And when I learned that Clay Regazzoni had dominated the Formula 1 Grand Prix in Monza in his Ferrari 312 B, I immediately thought that I would become his race engineer. I was in seventh heaven. But things didn’t go exactly like that. On my first day working at Ferrari, they changed my job description. No longer on the track with Clay but in the Studies Office, where, overseen by Franco Rocchi, the Ferrari Sport Prototype 312P was being designed. So, the first time I shook Clay’s hand we weren’t on the track, as I had hoped, but in the office, where Clay, a curious man, came to see the designers working on his car. The Ferrari 312 P needed two drivers, and Clay, along with Jacky Ickx, won a splendid race at the 1000 km of Monza. After the inauguration of the new track in Fiorano, Clay tested the Formula 1 and Sport Prototypes there, and during the breaks between test drives, we came down from the offices to talk with him and his mechanics. In late 1973, before returning to Ferrari with Lauda, Clay organised an exhibition of competition cars in Lugano, and asked Ferrari to put his F1 on display too. Ferrari sent two representatives along with the car, myself and Giacomo Caliri. And it was exactly during those few days in Lugano that I had the chance to get to know him better. Three years later, Clay left Ferrari for the second and last time. And so did Caliri and I, when we set up the Fly-Studio in Modena. From that point on, our acquaintance turned into friendship. Clay went to race for Ensign, an English team with very few resources and little competitive performance. By chance, I found the drawing of a rear spoiler in my archive that we had designed and built for his car, the Ensign 177, even though the car didn’t have much fortune. Many people around Parma, Reggio Emilia and Modena were very fond of Clay. Some of his sponsors, who went on to become close friends, supported him in his darkest hours following the accident that left him paralysed from the waist down. Many of his mechanics, as well as us engineers, were always pleased when he came to visit. At that time, Clay dedicated a splendid poster to my three children. I have many memories of him in my study, leafing through my archive, and in fact one of my grandchildren even devoted a painting to him. As I closed the drawer of memories, one last rather foggy but entertaining episode came to mind. I think it was Christmas 1974, and Clay lost the Formula 1 World Championships by just three points. With his happy-go-lucky character, he had already got over the disappointment and he gave everyone who had worked with him a bottle of champagne. Rumour had it that Niki Lauda, a man with a completely different character, tore him off a strip bitterly for that spontaneous gesture, because it forced the Austrian to follow his example.

In his long career he worked on over one hundred projects, many of which related to fast and racing cars: thinking about how many litres of fuel have been burned by his “creatures”, Marmiroli looks to the future, wondering how to reconcile the passion and very essence of sports cars with respect for the environment. Photos courtesy of Luigi Marmiroli Archive The passage from fossil fuel to electric for all cars of the future - including supercars and hypercars - is a given fact. Thinking back over my career, I can count projects for around a hundred cars. Mostly racing cars (Formula 1, Formula 2 and 3, Sports Prototypes, cars for Le Mans and Indianapolis, Developments of production cars, Challenges). And of course, supercars and hypercars. In the early days, my tasks were minimal: calculating a spring or connecting rod for an engine, balancing a crankshaft, designing a spoiler. This was what I did in the Ferrari Studies Office in Maranello. Then, along with Giacomo Caliri, I set up the “Fly-Studio” in Modena, a consulting firm for racing cars. There, my experience and my influence in various projects grew drastically. Just think, at Lamborghini, working with a team of around fifty people, I completely designed a dozen supercars and type-approved seventeen versions of the Diablo, designing the whole car, from the chassis to the power train, from the bodywork to the electronics, from the engine to the four-wheel drive. But throughout this history, something has always niggled me: that stressful search for absolute speed performance has always prevented me from seriously considering the fuel consumption of the cars I designed. To confirm this, let’s look back at some of the most significant projects. The Formula 1 cars that I worked on held 220 litres of fuel, not always enough to complete races of just over 300 km. And this brings an anecdote to mind. The engines on our Alfa Romeo F1s were guzzlers. Engineer Chiti (who we will come back to later) invented fuel freezing, using powerful refrigerators, aiming to store greater quantities in the tanks. The problem was that it took a long time to fill the tanks at the start of the race, often in the sunshine. As it heated, the petrol swelled the tanks and, wearing their seatbelts, the drivers complained that it was hard to breathe because the passenger compartment was smaller... Other teams followed the example until the regulations forbid it. Moving on to Automobili Lamborghini, we supplied exceptional “marine engines” to some teams taking part in the Offshore World Championship Class 1: 12 cylinders and 8000 cc displacement. Mounted in pairs on the competition hulls, these consumed 1000 litres of petrol for the race alone. In its road version, the iconic 80’s LM002 off-road vehicle had two large tanks incorporated into the rear seat frame. The version developed to take part in the Rally of Greece, the Rallye des Pharaons and the Paris-Dakar had even higher consumption. We also made a racing version of the Diablo, and that increased consumption even further. The SVR allowed around thirty more or less expert drivers to race on international race tracks for the first time. At the start of the inaugural race on the Le Mans circuit, the over 20,000 total horsepower of the thirty Diablos, with open exhaust, caused the stands packed with fans and spectators to tremble. In addition, the chairman of the Lamborghini Club Japan had also developed some powerful racing versions of the Diablo, which competed in the Japanese championships for many years. Sometimes I think that if today siphoned off the fuel consumed in all the races, as well as all that consumed by the thousands of owners of the supercars I designed, it would fill a mountain lake! I must say that in the early 2000s, perhaps to make amends, I began to design electric, hybrid and bimodal vehicles, including a full-electric hypercar with really innovative technical solutions for its time. So, I think that I am qualified to express a technical and emotional opinion on the difference between petrol-powered and electric supercars. As mentioned above, pure “speedholics” shouldn’t worry, as the technical and emotional difference is really not that great: in terms of speed and acceleration, the electric models are already far superior. With the developments in batteries, which are increasingly lighter, the road holding and handling will improve too. So the driving pleasure will remain. The main difference in electric cars is the lack of that fantastic and electrifying (sic!) sound of a nice twelve-cylinder engine, with open exhaust, at 10,000 rpm. A sound that exceeds all other - rather ungratifying - noises generated by a car, which in an electric car can clearly be heard. I refer to everything that is generated by the indispensable mechanical components, the braking system, the air conditioning, the aerodynamic features, the rolling tyres and so on. Somebody will certainly have thought of installing a sound system to simulate the sound of a combustion engine, someone else will have thought of replacing the roar of the engine with hard-rock music or a nice romance sung by my fellow citizen Pavarotti... However, in future a problem could arise. Electric supercars and hypercars are moving quickly from analogue to digital, and ironically, will become more and more like four-wheel “smartphones”. Consequently, they will become obsolete very quickly. This year is the 50th anniversary of the Countach, and its lucky owners can still enjoy driving on normal roads. I wonder how many of the splendid hypercars being designed today will still be allowed on the roads in fifty years’ time? The example of smartphones and many electronic devices is not comforting. Let’s hope that the manufacturers and international bodies will immediately take steps to prevent electric supercars from being relegated to splendid museum artefacts.

This was the car that helped him to prove that he had what it took to be a driver, but it was also a faithful companion in his adventures. With her, he obtained his first important wins and reached the altar, where he found his wife, Anna. More than half a century later, Speedholics helped the “Cowboy” to catch up with his old Alfa Romeo again. Photo by Alessandro Barteletti (IG: @alessandrobarteletti) Video by Andrea Ruggeri (IG: @andrearuggeri.it) Archives: Alfa Blue Team, Arturo Merzario, Fabio Morlacchi Tuesday, 20 July 2021. A sunny, and not particularly humid day, as you would usually expect on the Po Plains around Milan this time of year. This was the climate that partially helped to save Milan during the WWII bombings, when the humidity and high atmospheric pressure dampened the fires triggered by the bombs. The meeting took place in the morning, in an ex-foundry, nestling in the green Lombardy countryside. A man, and her. His gaze falls on her shapely curves, a delicate, translucent white. She seems flattered. She recognises him. They haven't seen each other for a long time, about 54 years, she thinks. The man walks towards her, as she waits, immobile. A hand caresses her fondly, a mixture of melancholy and happiness. She notes that he is still wearing that same old hat... 1971, the second day of spring. A young Alfa fan is out and about in the north-east part of Milan, finally free of the strict hours of high school. The university timetable is easier to manage, and gives him the chance to devote some time to his passion for cars. Gianfilippo “Gippo” Salvetti is driving his Alfa Romeo Giulia SS along Viale Fulvio Testi, a long, wide road leading from Milan to Villa Reale in Monza and the race track at the back, and where, outside the city, there are several salvage yards. “Who knows if I can find a nice little Fiat Topolino in good condition to buy and do up...” - “Here’s one of the scrap yards...”. The Giulia SS pulls up by the fence. Today it might seem incredible and even distressing for younger car lovers, but at that time you could find all kinds of CARS stacked high, Giuliettas , “Alfone” (the nickname of the 1900 ndr), or even a few 6C 2500s. And then perhaps a Lancia Flaminia, Fiat 2100 or 2300, or even a Ferrari or two! But the lion’s share was a huge quantity of Fiats; Topolino, 500, 600, 1100, sad after having been loved by their proud owners, often with their eye sockets dark and empty, abandoned because they were old or often by then frail. Gippo is a bit of a beanpole, but certainly not slight, which doesn’t make it easy getting in and out of the tiny passenger compartment of the SS. Crossing the open gate, he wanders through the piles of stacked cars. There are plenty of Topolinos. He sees two or three in fair condition, memorises their position and head towards the owner's dilapidated office, when he notes a rather particular front end three metres off the ground. His Alfa heart leaps, and he swears instinctively in amazement... “F**k me, a Giulietta SZ!”. There she was, dented, and painted an improbable amaranth red. But it was a Zagato, and almost complete! Although reasonable, the price was in any case way above his budget: 130,000 lire for a ten-year old car, and in a sorry state to boot. But there was even the license plate and the documents! Negotiations with the salvage yard were gruelling. But in the end, they agreed on the figure of 110,000 lire. Today just thinking about it makes you cry, but at that time it was worth around three times its value in aluminium scrap! A few days later, his friend Claudio Bonfioli’s blue Alfa Romeo GT Junior towed the SZ with a rope for around 10 kilometres to his trusted mechanic. To paraphrase the title of a famous film, it was Gippo’s “Longest Journey”, as he himself tells, as the brakes on the SZ weren't working. At that very moment, on the opposite side of town, in the south west, a very young Alfa fan - just eleven years old, as often happens, is standing at the bus stop behind his house. The 50 bus runs past there, through the typical streets of the Lombardy metropolis, spoke-like from the outskirts into the city centre. This is a typical medieval layout, which took over from the original Roman one, made of parallel streets crossing each other perpendicularly. A few buses stop, letting the many passengers on and off, distracted and often closed in their own thoughts. In those days, the city buses and trams were painted in two shades of green: dark up the mid-way line, lighter on the uprights and the roof. The boy watches the bus as it pulls up at the stop, then looks away and thinks of something else. The bus sets off, but the boy is still standing there. A few buses come and go, but nothing changes. Finally, as another bus pulls up, a small smile lights up the boy’s face. Here’s the one, an Alfa Romeo at last! This one’s OK... Perhaps you have got it. Yes, it was me, who today, when the difference in age between two people is really not so important, is a friend of Gippo’s. A month later, towards the end of May in 1971, Gippo reads an advert in the Corriere Della Sera: Giulia TI Zagato for sale. So, a Giulia TZ, the “big sister” of the Giulietta SZ. And the road version too, never used in a race, an authentic rarity! But that’s another story, for another time... The Giulietta SZ was restored and returned to its original splendour of eight years earlier. To tell the truth,it was in fact ten years earlier (1961) when a man from Brescia bought the car, brand new, straight out of Zagato, and kept it for only two years. In 1963 it was sold in Como to a man for his young son, who the year before had proven his worth as a driver in a Giulietta Spider. That young man was Arturo Merzario. With the license plate “Como 119815”, it was taken to the Baggioli workshop, where the engine was finely tuned and then refitted by young Arturo in a corner of the workshop. Merzario is a good mechanic, and often “gets his hands dirty” working on the cars he races in. And even when his fame and top team membership led him to be just a driver, he often supervised the assembly and tuning of his racing cars, sometimes even correcting a mechanic who was too hasty or sloppy when fitting a part. Because, as he told me in his typically pleasant Lombardy accent, “Arturo loves Arturo!” The SZ was raced successfully for around a year (read the full story here) when an Abarth TC 1000 arrived at Merzario’s club. So, the Giulietta SZ was fitted ... with a tow hook (sic!) to tow the trailer carrying the Abarth. As a full-time service vehicle, the proud and invincible SZ accompanied Arturo and his bride Anna to the altar. Where? Well, as this was Arturo Merzario, born in Civenna on the rolling hills behind Lake Como, north of Canzo and Asso, in that strip of land between the two branches of the Lario, the wedding was - perhaps the last to be - celebrated in the tiny church of Madonna del Ghisallo. And if you didn’t know, this church is a sanctuary for cyclists, and here racing bikes that once belonged to cycling legends, like Fausto Coppi and Gino Bartali, hang from its walls. Today, just a stone’s throw away, you can visit the very interesting Cycling Museum. The area is filled with steep slopes and wonderful landscapes that appear before your eyes suddenly, changing rapidly to offer a myriad of different views. Epic battles took place here between the greatest racing cyclists, and today these legends are still so alive that they continue to make this area a popular destination. In 1967, Arturo sold the SZ to a salvage yard in Viale Fulvio Testi in Milan, whose son used it for a couple of years before it was scrapped to recover the noble material - aluminium - the bodywork was made from. On 22 March, a Giulia SS pulls up outside the fence at the yard. A tall guy gets out... 20 July 2021, a Tuesday. 54 years on, Arturo Merzario meets his SZ again. “Here she is... are you sure it’s my Giulietta?”. “What a fool - she thinks - who else could it be, of course it’s me! Come here, give me a hug...” The genesis: Alfa Romeo Giulietta SZ, when a car is dynamic art After the 1900, the first real novelty after the war, presented in late 1950, at Alfa Romeo they decided to build a car of a lower category to accompany the powerful “Alfona” 1900. In 1954 the Giulietta was ready, but in a coupé version, the Sprint, with Bertone bodywork. Perhaps a unique case in car history, the sports version precedes the sedan. Maybe a sign of fate? With an engine made entirely of aluminium, two overhead camshafts, internal dimensions 74 by 75 mm, respectively for bore and stroke, resulting displacement 1290 cm3, it is certainly smaller than the 1900. In 1955, the evolution of the Giulietta came in the form of the sedan, with Alfa Romeo bodywork, and the Spider by Pininfarina. While the 1900 was “the family sedan that wins races”, the smaller Giulietta was certainly no less of a performer. The engine power output grew rapidly, and in 1956 the Sprint Veloce was launched, with two twin-choke carburettors, reaching 79 HP DIN, then improved to 96 in 1958 with a 5-speed gearbox. With a huge sporting potential, easily enhanced performance and great mechanical strength, the Giulietta instantly began a long and prestigious sports career. In 1956, the Milan coachbuilder Zagato, Alfa Romeo’s partner since the late 1920s, replaced the bodywork on a wrecked Giulietta Sprint Veloce with an aluminium version, producing a car that, while not aesthetically perfect, was very light and aerodynamic. The orders soon came flooding in from drivers wanting the version with aluminium bodywork, which was called the Giulietta SVZ, Sprint Veloce Zagato. But it was a very long and expensive job, as for this Zagato car they had to firstly remove the standard steel bodywork from the chassis and replace it with a new aluminium one. The engines, set up by the best fitters of the time, reached powers of between 105 and 115 HP DIN. Nuccio Bertone, the coachbuilder of the normal Sprint Veloce, couldn’t sit on his laurels, and towards the end of 1957 presented a new sports berlinetta based on a shortened wheelbase of the Spider, called Giulietta Sprint Speciale, and then simply SS. With a 97 HP engine, the new berlinetta was very aerodynamic, but the steel bodywork made it relatively heavy - 950 kg - and quite unsuitable for racing. At Alfa Romeo, to avoid unpleasantness between the two coachbuilders, the roles of the new sports berlinettas were divided: Bertone’s SS, with the best finishes, became a version of the Giulietta intended for fast touring, as it could exceed speeds of 180 km/h. The racing role on the other hand was played by Zagato’s SVZ, which had the same engine as the SS, but at 850 kg was lighter. To rationalise construction and reduce costs, in 1960 Zagato began to receive the chassis fitted with all the mechanics but no bodywork. And so the construction of the Giulietta SZ, “Sprint Zagato”, began. Compact, with minimum overhang, the bodywork covered the mechanics and the passenger compartment like a skin, with a beautifully sensual line. According to some sources, 171 were made. The car had to be constantly updated to fight off the fierce competition, particularly from Colin Chapman’s new Lotus Elite, but by then it was impossible to improve the mechanics. Thoughts had already turned to a new sportscar with the new version with a 1600 cm3 engine (the future Giulia TZ), and a variant of the bodywork with an even better profile was experimented, aiming to gain more speed on equal power. And so, the SZ “K-tail” was born, easily exceeding speeds of 220 km/h, compared to the 200 km/h of the previous version. 46 were made, bringing the total production of the Giulietta SZ to 217 units. According to the data Luigi Fusi gave Gippo in 1971, 176 “round tails” and 50 “K-tails” were made. -- Author’s note: she, the Giulietta SZ that belonged to Arturo Merzario, has chassis no. 00167 and is one of the last “round tails” built. Since 1971 she has belonged to Gippo Salvetti (in the picture with Merzario), chairman of the Alfa Blue Team - whom SpeedHolics thanks for lending us the car - founded with his brother Stefano and a few car fans, Claudio Bonfioli, Guido Delli Ponti and Emilio Garavaglia on 14 February 1972.

Photos courtesy of Zbigniew Maurer Archive Duetto is a magic word for Alfisti. It was chosen via an international contest to find a name for a very important car, the successor of the already iconic Giulietta Spider. The winning name seemed perfect for a new Alfa Romeo two seater spider, it was easily pronounced in most languages and was internationally familiar as a part of Italian music-related terminology. Strangely enough it was never officially adopted because Alfa renounced its use after the first, unlikely protest coming from a chocolate-based snack producer... Evidently Alfa Romeo had first-class engineers and technicians but very lousy lawyers at the time! Nevertheless the name Duetto has always been used by Alfisti, journalists and general public to identify the four editions of this lovely evergreen spider throughout its almost thirty-years-long life-span. The successor of Duetto, the 916 series Pininfarina-designed spider didn't quite manage to retain the original Duetto's flair and driving pleasure. It was bulky, heavy and in some way alienating for its occupants. Its Fiat Tipo derived chassis, despite many modifications and a completely new, ad hoc developed rear multi-link suspension, failed to deliver the renowned Duetto driving feeling. Even the top-spec, beautiful V6 “Busso”, the last 100% Alfa Romeo designed and produced engine, was struggling to transmit with due refinement its generous torque to the ground through the front driving wheels. But probably the greatest disappointment in comparison with Duetto was the experience of the open-air driving for both the driver and passenger. High, inclined belt-line and massive A-pillars, ending very close to the occupants' faces, resulted in a somehow oppressed feeling, a far cry from the wonderful feeling of freedom and full contact with the surrounding nature the original Duetto was granting its occupants. I have experienced all those differences first-hand, driving my personal 1973 cut-tail, our Centro Stile service IV-series Duettos and the then-recent 916 series spiders. So, when it came to design the new or future Duetto, I had my ideas quite clear. The new Alfa Romeo Spider project begun in the late 1990's and coincided with big organizational changes, the director of Centro Stile Alfa Romeo Walter De Silva left for Seat and was succeeded by Andreas Zapatinas coming from BMW. The design coordinator of the Fiat, Lancia and Alfa Romeo brands, Carlo Fugazza was succeeded by Humberto Rodriguez coming from VW, Fiat Auto CEO Paolo Cantarella was succeeded by Roberto Testore and the Fiat itself entered in a joint-venture with GM. Lots of changes in a very limited span of time. At Centro Stile we started to develop the first proposals based on the modified 916 chassis but after the joint-venture with GM and with the new boss we started again from zero, including some wishful-thinking and, unfortunately short-lived, rear wheel drive proposals. At the end we were given a new, GM-based, front wheel drive chassis scheme. We developed as many as five different proposals at Centro Stile and also Pininfarina was involved with a couple of proposals. Given the great number of initial design proposals I decided from the beginning to pursue the “classic” but by no means nostalgic or even worse, “retro” design philosophy. For me it was logical to design a new Alfa Romeo Spider as a continuity of its best tradition, a contemporary, modern car that would offer the best open-air motoring experience. From all the post-war Alfa spider models, Duetto seemed to offer the best mix of ingredients and was still present in every potential buyer's memory. Trying to understand the reason of Duetto's success under design point of view I quickly realized that the secret of its long-lasting popularity was its timeless styling. It didn't follow the period's fashion or trends that usually help to gain quick acceptance of any new car but, at the same time, date it at the particular period and limit its originality. When launched in 1966, Duetto was like no other car on the market, its bold and unique styling was based on Pininfarina's futuristic concept car, developed for Alfa Romeo more than ten years earlier. Like the 1962 Giulia sedan, with which it shared the chassis and all the mechanical components, Duetto was a typical “love it or hate it”, no-compromise design. As stated earlier, the FWD packaging we received to develop the future spider on was far from the ideal thoroughbred sports car scheme but then again, neither was the Duetto's Giulia sedan based scheme in comparison with British sports cars of the period. So I eagerly accepted the challenge of designing a “classic” Alfa Romeo spider not following the passing styling trends of the moment but applying all the design solutions at the limit of the possible to obtain my goals. I requested the biggest available diameter and relatively narrow tires, a very unusual request at the time, only recently adopted on some modern electric-powered cars. I remembered when I asked some years earlier our Alfa chassis-engineers what were the best tires to achieve the best all-around handling and road holding balance, to my surprise, they told me to choose the narrower tires offered for a given car. They all spent hours at our Balocco test track driving at the limit (and above) all sort of cars so they must have known better... I also wanted the lowest possible seating position to lower the center of gravity and the car's height. The limiting ergonomic factor in this case was the downward visibility angle which, in its turn, was conditioned by the height of the front hood that had to cover the front, transversal engine. At that time the new pedestrian-impact rules were introduced, requiring even more clearance above the engine bay hard elements like the engine itself, battery, upper suspension mounting domes etc. It was definitely the “insurmountable” constraint that precluded any significant lowering of the seating position. After hours spent controlling the critical clearances on various longitudinal and transversal sections trying to find an “impossible” solution I asked what exactly everyone of countless lines on those technical drawings represented. I still remember my disbelief when they told me that the highest, most critical line did not actually represent the highest part of the engine itself but the engine cover... Engine cover???!!! Without hesitation and with a dose of genuine anger I said I will respect only the hard points of the actual engine and that I didn't care about any engine cover! Their reply was that the engine cover was a part of the engine as it came from the Fiat-GM Powertrain and as such it was untouchable. My reply was that since everything that client sees, including the engine compartment, must pass the approval of Centro Stile, we will redesign the engine cover or, better still, we will help them design the cam covers aesthetics so they will not need any purely aesthetic engine cover at all, with resulting cost savings! I insisted that this economic aspect be put on the verbalization of the meeting knowing that it had a great importance in decision making and that nobody would dare to refuse a cost-cutting solution. It was also very unusual situation because usually it was Centro Stile that was asking for costly solutions and not the other way around. Remaining in the engine bay area, another aspect I wanted to optimize from the beginning was the cooling air management. I remember I was told by engine engineers that the performance of the V6 engine equipped 916 series Gtv/Spider was limited by not enough cooling air passing through the radiator pack. They told me the most critical aspect was not a limited air intake area but the difficulty in expelling the hot air from the engine bay, a problem common to the transversal-mounted big engines in very “busy” engine bays. I decided to address this issue with introduction of the air exit louvered grill on top of the hood, just after the radiator, in the maximum negative pressure area, a solution often used on racing cars. To avoid any possible critics that might result in its elimination, I incorporated this grill with the headlights in a unique pattern that made part of the entire front or “face” of the car. The headlights placed on top of the hood and extending rearwards helped to visually shorten the long front overhang and allowed lowering of the leading edge of the engine hood, just like in the original Duetto. The long and low hood allowed a low belt line, a characteristic I wanted from the beginning and especially important in an open car with low sitting position. I definitely wanted to avoid the “sunk”feeling when seated in 916 Spider. For me an Alfa spider is in some way an exhibitionist's car and you don't want to pass unobserved when cruising in a nice scenery with your elbow out. Another crucial aspect of the open air driving experience is the maximum outward visibility and the sensation of close contact with surrounding nature, you usually choose to drive a spider in nice places don't you? To obtain it I wanted the windscreen not excessively inclined and surrounded by as thin and unobtrusive as possible, continuous frame. This allows to avoid the brutally truncated A-pillars that terminate uncomfortably close to your face. A spider, in difference with a cabrio, can and should be designed and visually optimized in the open configuration and the (occasional) closed roof aspect should be secondary. Limiting the windscreen inclination allows to obtain visually longer hood, keeps the top part of the windscreen in a comfortable distance from the occupants' faces and provides a much more rigid structure. This last aspect is of primary importance because the windscreen frame serves as a roll-bar in case of accidental roll-over and makes part of any open car's safety features. Here it's useful to address the contrasting design criteria of A-pillars, present in any body configuration but especially critical in open roof cars. Maximum structural rigidity calls for a generous cross section meanwhile maximum visibility has the opposite requirements. I decided to take the full advantage of the freedom that the spider configuration offered. I decided to adopt the hydro-forming technology for the entire windscreen frame. It consists of placing roughly bent high resistance steel alloy tube in a robust dies and injecting a very high pressure water inside the tube that expands it against the inner die surface. In this way it is possible to obtain a very rigid frame of complex and reduced section. As mentioned earlier, my proposal was one of many and definitely not the preferred one of our new boss at Centro Stile. That meant that I had little attention and limited resources but, at the other hand, I enjoyed a great freedom in decision making. All the attention and resources at Centro Stile were dedicated to a proposal that didn't even respect the basic project dimensional constraints and later, to a new concept design project “Sportività Evoluta” or Evolved Sportiness. Even the fact that my Spider project was preferred during all the intermediate presentations didn't change that peculiar situation. That didn't scare me as I quite enjoyed this internal competition but I can't say it was easy to follow the physical development of the full-size styling model and all the project development meetings all on my own, with relatively great freedom in taking decisions but equally great responsibility with no internal support. This isolation was augmented by the fact that I was often relegated to follow the project development outside our Centro Stile workshop, at various external suppliers. In this period I must say I found much more solidarity and help from those external collaborations, including the Pininfarina project development team even though I was representing alone our Centro Stile in competition with their own design department proposal. They really demonstrated a high level, impartial professionalism. Among many external collaborations I even had a pleasure to work with highly skilled and experienced ex-Bertone modelers who started their long working career with Marcello Gandini on Lamborghini Countach! The whole project was a very intense and full of obstacles experience that was progressing, one might say, against all odds but, unlike in Hollywood, not all troublesome stories have a happy ending. When my project remained the only one from the original five proposals from Centro Stile and was in advanced stage of development, a sudden decision was taken to halt the entire 938 Alfa Spider project. It was not the first time a well advanced project was abruptly stopped so we were all accustomed to it and acquired a sort of emotional immunity. Sort of, because no matter how many times you have witnessed it, when it happens to a project in which you were so deeply involved, it's not easy to accept. I can only say that during all the project duration I have always tried my best. Luckily there were new projects to follow and especially one of them, the future Diva, would give me a lot of professional satisfactions.

Every racing fan has dreamed about designing and building a car at least once in their life. And some have actually done it. This is the story of Leonardo and Vittorio Frigerio, and their dream come true. Photos courtesy of Effeffe Cars (IG: @effeffecars) There are various ways of approaching the classic car world. Some fall in love with classic cars because they want to relive the thrills of their childhood, they buy the car their parents once had to relive the noises, smells and vibrations. They are trying to go back to their youth. Or they remember when, as a child, they went to the races with their dad, to meet the drivers (it was easier back then), to see for themselves the incredible cars they had read about in the magazines in black and white. This is what happened with Leonardo and Vittorio Frigerio. First of all, they raced each other for fun on a few circuits, tracks that weren’t like today's “playgrounds”, but those that helped to write the history of car racing. And, like any Milanese worth his salt, most of the time they raced in old Alfa Romeos. So, historic cars on historic circuits, where they got to know every bend and every straight watching the races on TV or, if they were lucky, directly from the stands. But from here came a new spark. One of those crazy moments that makes the difference between any old racing fan and those who have the courage (and the means) for dreaming big, when messing about on the track is no longer enough. Because we all dream, but there are a few lucky and crazy ones who make their dreams come true. Leonardo and Vittorio Frigerio imagined the car of their dreams, and then they built it. And so the Effeffe brand (which stands for Fratelli Frigerio) was born. And so was the Berlinetta. Berlinetta is a name of the past, a name that conjures up a very specific type of car: a high-performing sports car with closed bodywork, a 2-seater (or 2+2 at most). The name Berlinetta embodies all the philosophy of the first car made by Effeffe. A car built today in exactly the same way as craftsmen moulded the famous GTs in the late 1950s: the mechanics borrowed from the series and redesigned to suit new needs, a hand-made chassis and bodywork. All starting from a blank sheet. An original car with a strong personality, in form and in deed, which is the best possible homage to the skill of these craftsmen. A generation we have perhaps forgotten, that offered the Italian car tradition - and the history of motoring generally - plenty in terms of uniqueness, charm and design. A product built and finished by hand, like in the past, with a tubular chassis, hand-beaten aluminium bodywork and wire wheels, seeking to guess and please the taste of the owner, expressing a timeless character. The Berlinetta prototype was born in 2014, little more than a scale model. Made and finished, but not running: the mechanics are approximate, and it has never really been fine-tuned. But it is beautiful. An authentic time-machine. It seems as if it has just been found in a hay barn and dusted down. In addition, being practically a style model, its lines are pure and smooth, not “dirtied” by license plates or indicators. So beautiful, in fact, that, almost as a game, the Frigerio brothers sent a few photos to the people in charge of the Concorso di Eleganza di Villa d’Este. And, a surprise, they sent an invitation to present the Berlinetta in the Concept Cars category. A dream within a dream, the self-built car made its début and the world’s most prestigious and glamorous elegance competition. Along with the interest and pleasure shown immediately by the public and the media, this would have gone to anyone’s head. But as we know, the Frigerio brothers aren’t the sort of people who sit on their laurels, and they decided the play another chip. They realised that their idea could become something more than just an adventure, and decided to exploit their years of relationships, acquaintances, friendships and skill to set up a workshop to produce the Berlinetta in small series. An exclusive, tailored and fully customisable product. Built as in the past by a handful of old craftsmen wanting to get back in the game, but with the help of the best technologies available today. The Frigerio brothers got the team together: an engine designer, a chassis specialist, a panel beater, a tester and a master fitter. In addition to the skills required to build a car from scratch, the only other requirement was the ability to work “old style”. The lines of the Berlinetta need no explanation. They are a well-balanced mix of classic, late-50s stylistic elements, from the muscular bumpers to the oval grille, a hint of rear fins and the double bubble roof. The definition of the lines of the car talks of an approach that is about as poetically anachronistic as you can get. The Frigerio brothers started by placing the mechanics and seats on the floor, tracing the basic outline around them with chalk, then gradually building the chassis, welding, cutting and welding again. Following the curves of the tubular metal frame, they then moved onto the bodywork, beaten entirely by hand in aluminium according to the artisanal sensitivity of Vittorio, who has a good hand, assisted by a few panel beaters with forty years’ experience. And from there, the project moved on in a kind of reverse engineering, working backwards by making 3D scans of the shapes to produce the drawings and designs. Style and proportions have that instantly recognisable Italian flair, as does the passenger compartment, entirely leather-lined with a dashboard painted in the same colour as the car, and the Alfa Romeo-derived mechanics. The engines are 4-cylinder “Bisciones” from the 1970s, developed by two authentic racing specialists of the time: Carlo and Giuliano Facetti. Who, working according to the Fia Gr2 specifications of the 1971 European Touring challenge, they were able to achieve around 200 HP at 6800 rpm, with maximum torque of around 30 Kg/m at 4400 rpm, on the road with no technological support. But why the ‘71 European? We asked Leonardo Frigerio in person: “1971 marked the turning point of the famous “Appendix J”. We chose it to add historical relevance to our mechanics, focused on the classic Alfa Romeo “twin-shaft”, the noble line of engines born with the “Giulia” and reaching the 8-valve “Twin Spark” of the Eighties. Engines with exceptional power and torque, but at the same time extremely smooth. We developed the mechanics around this, mounting 45 mm Weber DC0E2 carburettors. And as far as the transmission is concerned, we find a racing clutch, 45% self-locking differential-gear and two different set-ups: for a sportier use, we recommend a close-ratio gearbox coupled to a rear-axle ratio of 8:41, while for tourism use, a standard gearbox with a rear-axle ratio of 9:43 is better. Obviously, other combinations are available according to the client’s needs. And we should remember, the Berlinetta is a car built to order, right down to the last bolt.” The car is fitted with push-rod suspension systems inspired by the 1970s single-seaters, guaranteeing the stability and composure of the Alfa Romeos it inherited its mechanics from. “On the road it is extremely easy and balanced,” Leonardo continues, “with a quick response that we are no longer used to today. We chose an engine with just four cylinders, to lighten the weight at the front and give the car a shorter bonnet. This makes it much easier and more precise on the bends. And even in tough driving conditions, the car is direct and sincere. With its low weight and consequently low inertia, low centre of gravity and rear engine, deceleration is precise and effective, without any yawing or awkward reactions, despite the lack of a vacuum servo. The high shoulder tyres do the rest, forgiving small errors and warning well in advance of any risks on the bends. Finally, the abundant horsepower, combined with a car body well below a tonne (in fact, around 790 kg), offers some enthusiastic dynamic results.” So, the Berlinetta blends that visceral feeling of vintage cars with the pleasure and precision of driving a modern car. It is a lucky and harmonious combination of mechanics of the past with the technologies and tolerances of today. And on the road, the driving experience blends the best of these two worlds, exalting the skills of the driver. If there is one detail that best sums up the maniacal care that goes into the cars produced by Effeffe, it is probably the dashboard clock. To create this, the Frigerio brothers borrowed their idea from the biplane instruments of the early 1900s. They found a small craftsman in Brescia who designed and built it for them from scratch, lathing it from solid metal. The mechanism has a high-precision Swiss movement with manual winding every eight days. The rubies were replaced by authentic bushings, to ensure that the clock has the same anti-shock movements the vintage aeronautic instruments had. Finally, with a series of specially designed gears, the winding pin was replaced by a special rotating ring nut, to allow the clock to be wound without removing it from the dashboard. This detail explains what goes into an Effeffe better than any brochure. Today the production capacity is 6/7 Berlinettas a year, with a delivery time of 10/12 months depending on the level of customisation, which is practically total. The car is registered as a single model, and sold with German registration documents and license plates. The price is “confidential”: of course, it’s high, but as we all know, dreams never come cheap. And in a niche market, today the Berlinetta is in any case known in the four corners of the globe. Its own merchandising also includes a precious 1:43 scale model made by ZetaKit, a company that shares the Effeffe philosophy, and is almost as exclusive as the car itself. The cars produced so far can be counted on the fingers of one hand, and a unique soft-top version is on its way. It will be ready in 2022 and, rightly so, will be called the “Barchetta”. A model that takes the Berlinetta concepts to the extreme, with a 70 mm longer wheelbase to cope with greater power and guarantee more stability. The mechanical characteristics planned include turbocharged 4-cylinder and 6-cylinder V engines, with power output of around 250/300 HP, again strictly based on the Alfa Romeo. The front end will have a lighter and higher performing push-rod suspension layout and, compared to the Berlinetta, the rear suspensions will also be independent with totally adjustable geometry. The clutch and gearbox are at the rear, with a drive shaft measuring less than a metre. Another treat is the lowered petrol tank: just 10 cm high, it will in any case hold almost 50 litres of petrol and, with a specially designed chassis, will be located beneath the passenger compartment to lower the centre of gravity as much as possible. The total unladen mass will be less than 700 kg. The Barchetta will be ready for the first road tests at the end of the year, and will be presented in late summer 2022. As we say goodbye to Leonardo Frigerio, we promise that we will be one of the first to see it and test it on the road. And then? “The last part of the trilogy...,” Leonardo adds. “Using the Barchetta chassis and mechanics, we will be paying homage to the other great Italian car of the Sixties: the Gran Turismo. I can’t tell you much right now, the project is still being defined, but it will be inspired by the Alfa Romeos and Ferraris of the mid-Sixties.” So, a round tail and headlight covers? “Maybe,” Leonardo admits, with a knowing smile.

On the 50th anniversary of the Countach, engineer Luigi Marmiroli remembers when he was called in to design the heir to the "Icon". In the Eighties, he was given the task – and the honour – of defining the lines of the car that was to represent the future of Lamborghini. And the style of this car could only have been put into the skilled hands of Marcello Gandini. Photos courtesy of Lamborghini - Luigi Marmiroli Archive In early May 1984, a F1 Grand Prix race was in full swing at the Imola circuit, then named after the son of the Commendatore, Dino Ferrari. At the time I was in charge of designing the Euroracing team single-seater: our Alfa Romeo 184T had a high-performance engine, but it had a few reliability problems, especially with the turbines, and, above all, it drank far more fuel that the competitor cars. Our position on the starting grid wasn’t ideal, but we did have one car in front of Alboreto’s Ferrari. And I also fondly remember that Ayrton Senna - that’s the one – a rookie at the time, hadn’t qualified in his Toleman-Hart. That never happened again throughout his marvellous career, which ended dramatically on the same circuit, exactly ten years later. The evening before the race, a friend came to ask me to join him at Lamborghini Automobili. I arrogantly kicked him out of the paddock. A F1 designer would never go so low as to designer supercars for the road. And true to this principle to the end, seven months later I joined Lamborghini in Sant’Agata Bolognese. I was hired by the young shareholder Mimran, and given a “mission impossible”: to design a flagship supercar to replace the Countach, then nearing the end of its career. While the Miura had been considered Lamborghini’s childhood car, the Countach embodied its adolescence, allowing the company to survive one of the darkest periods in its financial history. The Countach, designed by Marcello Gandini, had a unique, inimitable character and style, which made it such a photogenic car. Because of the very limited production, it was extremely rare to see one on the road, but the photographic shoots published in the media were – and indeed still are – spectacular. Alpine, the historical sponsor and supplier of Lamborghini’s on-board entertainment systems, had created some fantastic advertising posters. These hung on the walls of young fans’ bedrooms around the world, and particularly in the United States. In fact, at the time, many people thought that the name “Countach” was the name of the manufacturer, and this made a huge contribution to Lamborghini’s worldwide fame. With the Countach, Lamborghini’s romantic period came to an end, and a new era began, involving me personally on both a technical and emotional level. This was a more technical and less “crafted” phase, aiming to meet the increasingly strict international standards that made the Countach difficult to type-approve. For example, to meet the US standards, a huge and horrible bumper had to be added on the front, drastically changing the line of the car. Everyone agrees that the Countach LP 500, Marcello Gandini’s original model, remains one of the “icon” cars of the century. Unfortunately, over time, all the changes made to the initial design, required for engineering purposes, damaged the car’s pure lines, but, in our opinion, without every completely destroying it. As we told in the article on Ferruccio Lamborghini, he was the man who embodied the philosophy of his supercars, and using the same criterion I felt that there was only one person who could design the Countach’s heir: Marcello Gandini. Before the new shareholder Chrysler arrived, the prototype of the P132 (the technical code for the Diablo) was already running with Gandini’s original design. And to be honest, I think that the pointless debate at the time over the influence of the Style Centre in Detroit on the Diablo’s original design not only didn't change the concept but in fact made it survive longer. Confirming this, the Diablo is the only supercar that bears the signature of its top stylist: Marcello Gandini. During the whole P132 design phase, we were always thrilled and indeed obsessed with keeping within the Lamborghini philosophy, of which the Countach was a marvellous expression, despite all the technical difficulties in obtaining type-approval. We borrowed the engine lay-out and the longitudinal gearbox from the Countach, because this was the ideal base for developing a highly original solution for a four-wheel-drive car. The Diablo VT (Viscous Traction) was in fact the very first supercar to adopt a 4WD solution. A viscous coupling mechanically transferred the torque from the rear to the front axle on wet or dry surfaces, thus significantly increasing the car’s safety and road holding. The design of the bodywork was based on the unusual concept of coupling different materials to optimise all the technical characteristics: steel, aluminium alloys, carbon composites... We also transferred one major component from the Countach to the Diablo: the bull emblem in the centre of the front bonnet. The huge success of the famous presentation of the Diablo in Montecarlo confirmed all the technical and stylistic efforts that went into achieving that – certainly difficult – result of creating a worthy heir to the Countach. A car that instantly went straight from the road into collections and museums. “The King is dead, long live the King”.

The iconic Lola T70 was created by engineer Eric Broadley and the body stylist / designer was by Tony Southgate in the late 1960’s. It is widely believed to be the first ‘ground effect’ cars designed, in an answer at the time to the dominating Porsche 917’s, and Ford GT40’s etc. The T70 Mk3B model was capable of 200mph on the Le Mans Mulsanne Straight in period, with power from a 5 litre V8 Chevrolet power source, in the hands of some of the best sports cars drivers of the day. The car here is a T70 Mk3B model and is a ‘continuation’, but true to the original in every respect. This car is currently raced in top flight historic sports car events, such as the Masters Historic series, and Silverstone Classic. This series of photographs are all from the Brands Hatch GP circuit, and with its’ very fast and undulating sections through the Kent countryside, the circuit once again echoes and reverberates to the glorious soundtrack just as it did in the late 60’s and 70’s Stuart Adams is an award winning professional UK based motorsport photographer. www.stuartfadams.com IG: @stuartadams.fotographik

It was in 1976 that legendary Formula 1 constructor Ken Tyrrell’s innovationary 6 wheeled Formula 1 Tyrrell P34 made it’s debut onto the Global motorsport stage. On the 13 June that year at the Swedish GP there was a famous first and second place for the P34, driven by Jody Scheckter and Patrick Depailler. Fast forward to the Masters Historic Festival, Brands Hatch 2020, and Jonathan Holtzman made is debut in a faithful ‘continuation’ P34, designated chassis no.9. The car had been built from scratch with the blessing of the Tyrrell family, using approximately 230 of the original drawings, with the car being the same spec’ as the ’76 Swedish GP cars. Painstakingly re-created to be as close as possible to the original cars, many smaller parts – where no drawings existed, had to be created from scratch. The only change to the build was to bring it into line with 21st century safety measures. A second ‘recreation’ to the designated chassis no. 10 is now nearing completion. Stuart Adams is an award winning professional UK based motorsport photographer. www.stuartfadams.com @stuartadams.fotographik